| Fractions and mixed numbers | Equivalent fractions, common denominators, and operations with fractions |
| Decimals and percentages | Converting between forms, calculating percentages, and applying them to everyday problems |
| Positive and negative numbers | Number lines, absolute value, and operations with signed numbers |
| Ratios and proportions | Unit rates, equivalent ratios, and proportional relationships |
| Order of operations | Working through parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction |
| Expressions and variables | Substitution, combining like terms, and the distributive property |
| Equations and inequalities | Solving introductory equations, checking solutions, and representing inequalities |
| Coordinate graphing | Plotting ordered pairs, identifying quadrants, and reading graphs |
| Measurement and geometry foundations | Perimeter, area, volume, and interpreting units |
| Word problems | Identifying relevant information, choosing operations, and checking whether answers make sense |